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Air-dried
lumber. Lumber that has been piled
in yards or sheds for any length of time.
For the United States as a whole, the minimum
moisture content of thoroughly air dried lumber is
12 to 15 percent and the average is somewhat
higher. In the South, air dried lumber may
be no lower than 19 percent.
Airway.
A space between roof insulation and roof boards
for movement of air.
Alligatoring.
Coarse checking pattern characterized by a
slipping of the new paint coating over the old
coating to the extent that the old coating can be
seen through the fissures.
Allowance.
A sum of money set aside in the construction
contract for items which have not been selected
and specified in the construction contract.
For example, selection of tile as a flooring may
require an allowance for an under-layment material,
or an electrical allowance which sets aside an
amount of money to be spent on electrical
fixtures.
Anchor
bolts. Bolts to secure a wooden sill
plate to concrete, or masonry floor or wall.
Appraisal.
An expert valuation of property.
Apron.
The flat member of the inside trim of a window
placed against the wall immediately beneath the
stool.
Astragal.
A molding, attached to one of a pair of swinging
doors, against which the other door strikes.
Backhand.
A simple molding sometimes used around the outer
edge of plain rectangular casing as a decorative
feature.
Balusters.
Usually small vertical members in a railing used
between a tip rail and the stair treads or a
bottom rail.
Base
or baseboard. A board placed against the
wall around a room next to the floor to finish
properly between floor and plaster or drywall
(Wall).
Beam.
A structural member transversely supporting a
load. A structural member carrying building
loads (weight) from one support to another.
Sometimes called a "girder".
Bearing
wall. A wall that supports any vertical
load in addition to its own weight.
Bid.
A formal offer by a contractor, in accordance with
specifications for a project, to do all or a phase
of the work at a certain price in accordance with
the terms and conditions stated in the offer.
Bolster.
A short horizontal timber or steel beam on top of
a column to support and decrease the span of beams
or girders.
Brace.
An inclined piece of framing lumber applied to a
wall or floor to stifled the structure.
Often used on walls as temporary bracing until
framing has been completed.
Brick
veneer. A facing of brick laid
against and fastened to sheathing of a frame wall
or tile wall construction.
Buck.
Often used in reference to rough frame opening
members. Door bucks used in reference
to metal door frame.
Butt
joint. The junction where the ends of
two timbers or other members meet in a square-cut
joint.
Casing.
Molding of various widths and thicknesses used to
trim a door and window openings at the
jambs.
Checking.
Fissures that appear with age in many exterior
paint coatings, at first superficial, but which in
time may penetrate entirely through the coating.
Collar
beam. Nominal 1- or 2-inch-thick members
connecting opposite roof rafters. They serve
to stiffen the roof structure.
Column.
In architecture: A perpendicular supporting
member, circular or rectangular is section,
usually consisting of a base, shaft, and
capital. In engineering: A vertical
structural compression member which supports loads
acting in the direction of its longitudinal axis.
Concrete
plain. Concrete either without
reinforcement, or reinforced only for shrinkage or
temperature changes.
Conduit,
electrical. A pipe, usually metal, is
which wire is installed.
Construction
dry-wall. A type of construction in
which the interior wall finish is applied in a dry
condition, generally in the form of sheet
materials or wood paneling as contrasted to
plaster.
Construction,
frame. A type of construction in
which the structural parts are wood or depend upon
a wood frame for support. In codes, if
masonry veneer is applied to the exterior walls,
the classification of this type of construction is
usually unchanged.
Corbel
out. To build out one or more
courses of brick or stone from the face of a wall,
to form a support for timbers.
Corner
bead. A strip of formed sheet metal,
sometimes combined with a strip of metal lath,
placed on corners before plastering to reinforce
them. Also, a strip of wood finish
three-quarters-round or angular placed over a
plastered corner for protection.
Corner
boards. Used as trim for the
external corners of a house or other frame
structure against which the ends of the siding are
finished.
Cornerite.
Metal-mesh lath cut into strips and bent to a
right angle. Used in interior corners of walls and
ceilings on lath to prevent cracks in plastering.
Cornice.
Overhang of a pitched roof a the cave line,
usually consisting of a facie board, a soffit for
a closed cornice, and appropriate moldings.
Cove
Molding. A molding with a concave face
used as trim or to finish interior corners.
Cricket.
A small drainage-diverting roof structure of
single or double slope placed at the junction of
larger surfaces that meet at an angle, such as
above a chimney.
Crown
molding. A molding used on cornice or
wherever an interior angle is to be covered.
Dado.
A rectangular groove across the width of a board
or plank. In interior decoration, a special
type of wall treatment.
Doorjamb,
interior. The surrounding case into
which and out of which a door closes and
opens. It consists of two upright pieces,
called side jambs, and a horizontal head jamb.
Dormer.
An opening in a sloping roof, the framing of which
projects out to form a vertical wall suitable for
windows or other opening.
Downspout.
A pipe, usually of metal, for carrying rainwater
from roof gutters.
Drip
cap. A molding placed on the
exterior top side of a door or window frame to
cause water to drip beyond the outside of the
frame.
Drywall.
Interior covering material, such as gypsum board
or plywood, which is applied in large sheets or
panels.
Ducts.
In a house, usually round or rectangular metal
pipes for distributing warm air from the heating
plant to rooms, or air from a conditioning device
or as cold air returns. Ducts are also made
of asbestos and composition materials.
Eaves.
The margin or lower part of a roof projecting
over the wall.
Elevation
sheet. The page on the blue prints
that depicts the house or room as if a vertical
plane were passed through the structure.
Expansion
joint. A bituminous fiber strip used to
separate blocks or units of concrete to prevent
cracking due to expansion as a result of
temperature changes. Also used on concrete
slabs.
Facia
or fascia. A flat board, band, or face,
used sometimes by itself but usually in
combination with moldings, often located at the
outer face of the cornice.
Fishplate.
A wood or plywood piece used to fasten the ends of
two members together at a butt joint with nails or
bolts. Sometimes used at the junction of
opposite rafters near the ridge line.
Flashing.
Sheet metal or other material used in roof and
wall construction to protect a building from
water seepage.
Fly
rafters. End rafters of the gable
overhang supported by roof sheathing and lookouts.
Footing.
A masonry section, usually concrete, in a
rectangular form wider than the bottom of the
foundation wall or pier it supports.
Foundation.
The supporting portion of a structure below the
first floor construction, or below grade,
including the footings.
Framer.
The carpenter contractor that installs the lumber
and erects the frame, flooring system, interior
walls, backing, trusses, rafters, decking,
installs all beams, stairs, soffits and all the
work related to the wood structure of the
home. The framer builds the home according
to the blueprints and must comply with local
building codes and regulations.
Framing.
Lumber used for the structural members of a
building, such as studs, joist, and rafters.
Framing,
platform. A system of framing a building
in which floor joist of each story rest on the top
plates of the story below or on the foundation
sill for the first story, and the bearing walls
and partitions rest on the sub-floor of each story.
Gable.
In house construction, the portion of the roof
above the eave line of a double-sloped roof.
Gable
end. An end wall having a gable.
General
Contractor. A contractor who enters
into a contract with the owner of a project for
the construction of the project and who takes full
responsibility for its completion, although the
contractor may enter into subcontracts with others
for the performance of specific parts or phases of
the project.
Girder.
A large or principal beam of wood or steel used to
support concentrated loads at isolated points
along its length.
Hard
Cost. Construction costs that go for
land, materials and labor (sticks and bricks)
Hardware.
All of the "metal" fittings that go into
the home when it is near completion. For
example, door knobs, towel bars, handrail
brackets, closet rods, house numbers, door
closers, etc. The Interior Trim Carpenter
installs the hardware.
Header.
(a) A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to
which joists are nailed in framing for chimney,
stairway, or other opening. (b) A wood
lintel.
Hearth.
The inner or outer floor of a fireplace,
usually made of brick, tile, or stone.
Hip.
The external angle formed by the meeting of two
sloping sides of a roof.
Hip
roof. A roof that rises by inclined
planes from all four sides of a building.
I-beam.
A steel beam with a cross section resembling
the letter I. It is used for long spans as
basement beams or over wide wall openings, such as
a double garage door, when wall and roof loads are
imposed on the opening.
Insulation
board,
rigid. A structural building
board made of coarse wood or cane fiber in 1/2 -
and 25/32 inch thickness it can be obtained in
various size sheets, in various densities, and
with several treatments.
Insulation,
thermal. Any material high in resistance
to heat transmission that, when placed in the
walls, ceiling, or floors of a structure, will
reduce the rate of heat flow.
Interior
finish. Material used to cover the
interior framed areas, or materials of walls and
ceilings.
Jack
Rafter. A rafter that spans the distance
from the wall plate to a hip, or from a valley to
a ridge.
Jamb.
The side and head lining of a doorway, window, or
other opening.
Joist.
One of a series of parallel beams, usually 2
inches in thickness, used to support floor and
ceiling loads, and supported in turn by larger
beams, girders, or bearing walls.
Kiln
dried lumber. Lumber that has been kiln
dried often to a moisture content of 6 to 12
percent. Common varieties of softwood
lumber, such as framing lumber are dried to a
somewhat higher moisture content.
Knot.
In lumber, the portion of a branch or limb of a
tree that appears on the edge or face of the
piece.
Landing.
A platform between flights of stairs or at the
termination of a flight of stairs.
Lattice.
A framework of crossed wood or metal strips.
Ledger
strip. A strip of lumber nailed along
the bottom of the side of a girder on which joists
rest.
Louver.
An opening with a series of horizontal slats so an
ranged as to permit ventilation but to exclude
rain, sun, light, or vision.
Lumber.
Lumber is the product of the sawmill and planing
mill not further manufactured other than by
sawing, resawing, and passing lengthwise through a
standard planing machine, crosscutting to length,
and matching.
Lumber,
boards. Yard lumber less than 2 inches
thick and 2 or more inches wide.
Lumber,
dimension. Yard lumber from 2 inches to,
but not including, 5 inches thick and 2 or more
inches wide. Includes joist, rafters, studs,
plank, and small timbers.
Lumber,
matched. Lumber that is dressed and
shaped on the edge in a grooved pattern and on the
other in a tongued pattern.
Mantel.
The self above a fireplace. Also used in
referring to the decorative trim around a
fireplace opening.
Masonry.
Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete
block, gypsum block, or other similar building
units or materials or a combination of the same,
bonded together with mortar to form a wall, pier,
buttress, or similar mass.
Millwork.
Generally all building materials made of finished
wood and manufactured in millwork plants and
planing mills are included under the term
"millwork." It includes such items
as inside and outside doors, window and
doorframes, blinds, porchwork, mantels, panelwork,
stairways, moldings, and interior trim. It
normally does not include flooring, ceiling, or
siding.
Miter
joint. The joint of two pieces at an
angle that bisects the joining angle. For
example, the miter joint at the side and head
casing at a door opening is made at a 45 degree
angle.
Molding.
A wood strip having a coned or projecting surface
used for decorative purposes.
Mortise.
A slot cut into a board, plank, or timber,
usually edgewise, to receive tenon of another
board, plank, or timber to form a joint.
Mullion.
A vertical bar or divider in the frame between
windows, doors, or other openings.
Muntin.
A small member which divides the glass or openings
of sash or doors.
Natural
finish. A transparent finish which does
not seriously alter the original color or grain of
the natural wood. Natural finishes are
usually provided by sealers, oils,
varnishes, water-repellent preservatives, and
other similar materials.
Newel.
A post to which the end of a stair railing or
balustrade is fastened. Also, any post to
which a railing or balustrade is fastened.
Nonbearing
wall. A wall supporting no load other
than its own weight.
Nosing.
The projected edge of a molding or drip.
Usually applied to the projecting molding on the
edge of a stair tread.
Notch.
A crosswise rabbet at the end of a board.
O.C.,
on center. The measurement of spacing
for studs, rafters, joist, and the like in a
building from the center of one member to the
center of the next.
O.G.,
or ogee. A molding with a profile in the
form of a letter S; having the outline of a
reversed curve.
Outrigger.
An extension of a rafter beyond the wall
line. Usually a smaller member nailed to a
larger rafter to form a cornice or roof overhang.
Paper,
sheathing. A
building material, generally paper or felt, used
in wall and roof construction as a protection
against the passage of air and sometimes moisture.
Partition.
A wall that subdivides spaces within any story of
a building.
Penny.
As
applied to nails, it originally indicated the
price per hundred. The term now series as a
measure of nail length and is abbreviated by the
letter d.
Pitch.
The incline slope of a roof or the ratio of the
total rise to the total width of a house, i.e., an
8-foot rise and 24-foot width is a one-third pitch
roof. Roof slope is expressed in the inches
of rise per foot of run.
Plate.
Sill plate: a horizontal member anchored to a
masonry wall. Sole plate: bottom horizontal
member of a frame wall. Top plate: top
horizontal member of a frame wall supporting
ceiling joists, rafters, or other members.
Plumb.
Exactly perpendicular; vertical.
Ply.
A term to denote the number of thicknesses or
layers of roofing felt, veneer in plywood, or
layers in built-up materials, in any finished
piece of such material.
Quarter
round.
A small molding that has the cross section of a
quarter circle.
Rafter.
One of a series of structural members of a roof
designed to support roof loads. The rafters
of a flat roof are sometimes called roof joist.
Rafter,
hip.
A rafter that forms the intersection of an
external roof angle.
Rafter,
valley.
A rafter that forms the intersection of an
internal roof angle. The valley rafter is
normally made of double 2 inch-thick members.
Ridge.
The horizontal line at the junction of the top
edges of two sloping roof surfaces.
Rise.
In stairs, the vertical height of a step or flight
of stairs.
Riser.
Each of the vertical boards closing the spaces
between the treads of stairways.
Roll
roofing.
Roofing material, composed of fiber and satin
rated with asphalt, that is supplied in 36 inch
wide rolls with 108 square feet of material.
Weights are generally 45 to 90 pounds per roll.
Roof
sheathing.
The boards or sheet material fastened to the roof
rafters on which the shingle or other roof
covering is laid.
Run.
In stairs, the net width of a step or the
horizontal distance covered by a flight of stairs.
Sash.
A single light frame containing one or more lights
of glass.
Sheathing.
The structural covering, usually wood boards or
plywood, used over studs or rafters of a
structure. Structural building board is
normally wed only as wall sheathing.
Shingles.
Roof covering of asphalt, asbestos, wood, tile,
slate, or other material cut to stock lengths,
widths, and thicknesses.
Siding.
The finish covering of the outside wall of a frame
building, whether made of horizontal
weatherboards, vertical boards with battens,
shingles, or other material.
Sill.
The lowest member of the frame of a structure,
resting on the foundation and supporting the floor
joist or the uprights of the wall. The
member forming the lower side of an opening, as a
door sill, window sill, ect.
Soffit.
Usually the underside of an overhanging cornice.
Span.
The distance between structural supports such as
walls, columns, piers, beams, girders, and trusses.
Square.
A unit of measure-100 square feet-usually applied
to roofing material. Sidewall coverings are
sometimes packed to cover 100 square feet and are
sold or that basis.
Stool.
A flat molding fitted over the window sill between
jambs and contacting the bottom rail of the lower
sash.
Stud.
One of a series of slender wood or metal vertical
structural members placed as supporting elements
in walls and partitions. (Plural: studs or
studding.)
Sub-contractor.
A contractor working under, and hired by the
general contractor. A subcontractor is
usually responsible for one specific trade such as
painting, plumbing ect.
Sub-floor.
Boards or plywood laid on joists over which a
finish floor is to be laid.
Suspended
ceiling.
A ceiling system supported by hanging it from the
overhead structural framing.
Threshold.
A strip of wood or metal with beveled edges used
over the finish floor and the sill of exterior
doors.
Toe-nailing.
To
drive a nail at a slant with the initial surface
in order to permit it to penetrate into a second
member.
Tread.
The horizontal board in a stairway on which the
foot is placed.
Trim.
The finish materials in a building, such as
moldings applied around openings or at the floor
and ceiling of rooms.
Truss.
A frame or jointed structure designed to act as a
beam of long span, while each member is usually
subjected to longitudinal stress only, either
tension or compression.
Under-layment.
A material placed under finish coverings, such as
flooring, or shingles, to provide a smooth, even
surface for applying the finish.
Valley.
The internal angle formed by the junction of two
sloping sides of a roof.
Veneer.
Thin sheets of wood made by rotary cutting or
slicing of a log.
Vent.
A pipe or duct which allows flow of air as an
inlet or outlet.
Wane.
Bark, or lack of wood from any cause, on edge or
corner of a piece of wood.
Weather-strip.
Narrower or jamb-width sections of thin metal or
other material to prevent infiltration of air and
moisture around windows and doors.
Compression weather stripping prevents air
infiltration, provides tension, and acts as a
counter balance.
Wood
rays.
Strips of cells extending radially within a tree
and varying in height from a few cells in some
species to 4 inches or more in oak. The rays
serve primarily to store food and to transport it
horizontally in the tree.
Zoning.
A governmental process and specification which
limits the use of a property e.g. single family
use, high rise residential use, industrial use,
etc. Zoning laws may limit where you can
locate a structure.
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